The shift from traditional Working Stress Method (WSM) to allows for more economical and reliable structures. LSM considers two primary criteria:
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[ F_cr = F_y \left[ 1 - \frac12 \left( \fracKL/rC_c \right)^2 \right] \quad \textfor KL/r \leq C_c ] where ( C_c = \sqrt\frac2\pi^2 EF_y ). The shift from traditional Working Stress Method (WSM)