Cultural lore from the time includes accounts of the "flying mandau," a psychological element of the war where it was believed weapons were spiritually guided.
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Reports from the time frequently mentioned "Panglima Burung" (the Bird Commander) and rituals believed to grant invulnerability or guide weapons. Cultural lore from the time includes accounts of
In the 1990s, the situation escalated, with sporadic violence and clashes between the two groups. The Sampit War in 2001 was one of the most severe incidents, which began as a brawl between a Dayak and a Madurese person and quickly spiralled out of control. The violence spread rapidly, with reports of mass killings, burning of villages, and displacement of thousands of people. In the 1990s, the situation escalated, with sporadic