"Doing the right things" — focusing on attaining organizational goals. An-Najah National University Key Sections for a PPT Report
and Mary Coulter are two of the most influential voices in modern organizational behavior and management theory. Their textbook, Management , now in its 15th edition (and beyond), serves as the backbone for introductory management courses at universities worldwide—from Ivy League schools to community colleges.
"Doing things right" — focusing on the relationship between inputs and outputs. Effectiveness:
Once a plan exists, organizing takes over. This function involves determining what tasks are to be done, who is to do them, how the tasks are to be grouped, who reports to whom, and where decisions are to be made. The Robbins & Coulter model emphasizes organizational structure—from mechanistic (rigid, hierarchical) to organic (flexible, collaborative). Key elements include departmentalization (grouping jobs by function, product, or geography), chain of command, and span of control. For instance, a hospital organizes its staff into departments (cardiology, emergency) with clear reporting lines. Poor organizing leads to role confusion, redundant efforts, and resource waste, undermining even the best-laid plan.